Anal cytology: review and interpretation of criteria for issuing a diagnosis (literature review)

Knowledge to support professionals responsible for diagnosing anal cytology: narrative review and interpretation of cytomorphological criteria

Abstract

Abstract: Introduction: Anal cancer is rare, but its incidence is increasing. Anal cytology has been a bet for diagnosing pre-neoplastic lesions, preventing progression to cancer. Objectives: I) Address aspects of cell sample satisfaction and review the cytomorphological criteria for benign and malignant findings in anal cytology smears. II) Make this article a support tool for health professionals in the cytopathology sector linked to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) or the private sector. Methods: This is an integrative literature review of the descriptive type. The search of articles and selection took place in public databases (BIREME, LILACS, PubMed, and SciELO), from February to April/2023. Results/Discussion: The literature analysis points to the application of anal cytology for diagnosing alterations induced by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the anal canal. Screening is based on similarity to cervical cancer control and the natural history of the disease, recognizing that precursor lesions evolve into invasive cancer. This window between injury and cancer permits early detection. Opportunely, the technique can diagnose agents responsible for other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Conclusion: Qualifying cytopathological diagnosis reports can support primary care. The purpose of this work was to contribute to health professionals' learning process and support public health in strategies to guarantee care for people.